Understanding Scope 3 Emissions in Climate Action Planning

In the realm of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, understanding and managing Scope 3 emissions is crucial for cities aiming to develop comprehensive climate action plans. While Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are more straightforward—covering direct emissions from sources owned or controlled by the city and indirect emissions from purchased energy, respectively—Scope 3 emissions encompass all other indirect emissions that occur in a city's value chain. These include emissions from goods and services purchased, waste disposal, and transportation not directly controlled by the city. Scope 3 emissions often represent the largest portion of a city's carbon footprint, making their management essential for achieving significant emissions reductions.

The Relevance of Scope 3 Emissions to City Climate Action Plans

Scope 3 emissions are particularly relevant to city climate action plans because they account for a substantial share of urban emissions. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, cities are responsible for approximately 75% of global energy-related emissions, with transportation and building developments being the largest contributors. By addressing Scope 3 emissions, cities can tackle emissions sources that are often overlooked, such as those embedded in the supply chain or resulting from the consumption of goods and services. This broader approach allows cities to engage with businesses, industries, and residents to create a more comprehensive and effective climate strategy.

Accounting for Scope 3 Emissions

Accounting for Scope 3 emissions can be challenging due to their indirect nature and the complexity of data collection. However, it is crucial for cities to develop a holistic view of their total emissions.

Scope 3 emissions are categorized into upstream and downstream emissions, each representing different stages of the value chain. Upstream emissions occur before a product or service reaches the city, including emissions from the production and transportation of purchased goods and services. In contrast, downstream emissions occur after the city has utilized a product or service, encompassing emissions from waste disposal, product use, and end-of-life treatment. Understanding these distinctions helps cities identify specific areas for emissions reduction throughout their supply chains.

Cities can start by mapping all upstream and downstream activities that contribute to their emissions profile, such as goods and services purchased, waste generated, and the transportation of goods. Engaging with suppliers and stakeholders to gather emissions data is also essential. For example, cities can encourage local businesses to disclose their emissions and collaborate on reduction strategies.

Strategies to Reduce Scope 3 Emissions

Reducing Scope 3 emissions requires innovative strategies and collaboration across sectors. Here are some effective approaches cities can adopt:

1. Sustainable Procurement Policies: Cities can implement procurement policies that prioritize low-carbon and sustainable goods and services. By setting standards for suppliers and encouraging the use of eco-friendly materials, cities can reduce emissions throughout their supply chains.

2. Waste Reduction and Circular Economy Initiatives: Implementing waste reduction programs and promoting circular economy practices can significantly cut Scope 3 emissions. Cities like San Francisco have pioneered zero-waste initiatives that encourage recycling, composting, and the reduction of single-use plastics.

3. Transportation and Logistics Optimization: Cities can work with logistics companies to optimize transportation routes and modes, reducing emissions from freight and delivery services. Encouraging the use of electric vehicles and efficient public transit systems also helps lower emissions from transportation.

4. Community Engagement and Education: Educating residents and businesses about the importance of reducing Scope 3 emissions can drive behavior change and foster community-driven solutions. Cities can host workshops and provide resources to help stakeholders understand their role in emissions reduction.

Examples from Pioneering U.S. Cities

Several cities in the United States are leading the way in managing Scope 3 emissions as part of their climate action plans:

- San Francisco is at the forefront of waste reduction and circular economy practices, setting ambitious targets to cut emissions through comprehensive recycling and composting programs. A pivotal aspect of reducing Scope 3 emissions is meticulous tracking, and San Francisco excels in this area with detailed data dashboards that monitor key waste reduction efforts, such as rescued building materials and food waste reduction. This tracking not only aids in emissions reduction but also empowers residents by illustrating their impact and the potential for change.

- Portland, Oregon, prioritizes transportation and logistics optimization by collaborating with local businesses to streamline delivery routes and encourage the use of electric vehicles. In 2016, Portland conducted a Sustainable Supply Chain Analysis, identifying construction services as a major contributor to the city's supply chain GHG emissions, with concrete being particularly GHG-intensive. In response, the city launched its Low-Carbon Concrete Initiative in 2019, following extensive stakeholder input, to reduce the carbon intensity of concrete used in city projects. Portland now actively tests and tracks low-carbon concrete initiatives and is expanding this effort to include sustainably sourced wood, further reducing Scope 3 emissions.

Conclusion

Scope 3 emissions present both a challenge and an opportunity for cities aiming to achieve their climate goals. By understanding and addressing these emissions, cities can develop more comprehensive and effective climate action plans. Through sustainable procurement, waste reduction, transportation optimization, and community engagement, cities can significantly reduce their carbon footprints and lead the way in global efforts to combat climate change. As more cities adopt these strategies, they will not only reduce emissions but also inspire others to take bold action toward a sustainable future.

Need help tracking these emissions in your community?

We help communities track 100 carbon emissions and climate change indicators including scope 3 emissions and health co-benefits. Learn more about our process and schedule a call with us to explore effective climate action solutions for your community.

Schedule a Call